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(Energy Requirements for Drip Irrigation of Tomatoes in North Florida )Tj
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(The fluid in some large gear drives is water )Tj
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(cooled using a cooling coil that is connected to the )Tj
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(irrigation water supply. Check that the required )Tj
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(amount of water is flowing through the coil so that )Tj
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(the lubricating fluid does not overheat. )Tj
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(Energy will be lost as gears and bearings wear. )Tj
-20 -14 Td
(Check regularly for excess "play" in the gears, )Tj
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(leakage around seals, or unusual noises and have )Tj
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(these repaired when needed. )Tj
20 -23 Td
(Belt drives should be routinely inspected for )Tj
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(proper belt tightness and belt wear. Loose belts will )Tj
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(slip, causing excess energy loss and premature belt )Tj
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(failure. Worn belts may slip or fail during irrigation, )Tj
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(possibly damaging mechanical components. Worn or )Tj
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(damaged belts should be replaced. Belts should be )Tj
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(replaced in matched sets so that all belts in a set will )Tj
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(be uniformly loaded during use. )Tj
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(Some energy is required to spin a drive shaft and )Tj
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(overcome friction losses from drive shaft bearings or )Tj
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(universal joints. The energy required to spin a drive )Tj
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(shaft is unavoidable because it is a function of the )Tj
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(weight of the drive shaft. However, energy losses to )Tj
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(bearings can be minimized by keeping bearings in )Tj
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(good repair and properly lubricated. )Tj
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(Drive shaft bearings in wells may be either oil or )Tj
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(water lubricated. Inspect the lubricating oil reservoir )Tj
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(regularly and add oil as needed. Always pre-lubricate )Tj
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(water-lubricated bearings before starting pumps. )Tj
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(Prelubrication is done by pouring a few gallons of )Tj
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(clean water into the column pipe along the drive shaft )Tj
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(before pump start-up. This is very important for )Tj
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(water lubricated bearings because they will heat up )Tj
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(very quickly before the water flows through the )Tj
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(column pipe to lubricate them. )Tj
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(Universal joints are used on drive shafts between )Tj
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(internal combustion engines and gear drives or )Tj
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(pumps. These U-joints should be inspected regularly )Tj
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(for wear and proper lubrication. U-joints are used to )Tj
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(allow efficient power transmission even though the )Tj
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(drive shafts of the connected units are not in perfect )Tj
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(alignment. Engines and drives should be closely )Tj
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(aligned when installed to avoid excessive flexing of )Tj
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(the joints during operation. Excessive flexing will )Tj
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(lead to earlier failure and increased energy loss. )Tj
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(Visually inspect the drive shaft and U-joints during )Tj
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(operation. Excessive vibration indicates the need for )Tj
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(repair. Excessive vibration can also indicate a serious )Tj
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(safety problem, and thus should be repaired )Tj
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(immediately. )Tj
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(SUMMARY )Tj
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(The energy required to pump irrigation water for )Tj
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(crop production is measured in terms of fuel use or )Tj
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(electric power use. Energy use depends on the )Tj
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(amount of water applied and on the fuel or electric )Tj
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(power required to apply each unit of water. )Tj
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(The amount of water applied depends on several )Tj
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(irrigation system factors and on crop, climate, and )Tj
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(management factors that are independent of the )Tj
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(irrigation system. Irrigation system factors include )Tj
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(specific system design factors, such as the potential )Tj
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(irrigation system efficiency, the system design )Tj
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(uniformity, and the relative area of coverage. Crop )Tj
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(factors include type of crop, size of plants, plant )Tj
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(density, and other production system factors such as )Tj
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(the use of plastic mulch. Climate factors include solar )Tj
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(radiation, temperature, humidity and wind speed. )Tj
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(Management factors include irrigation scheduling )Tj
0 -13 TD
(decisions which affect irrigation frequencies and )Tj
0 -14 TD
(durations. )Tj
20 -24 Td
(The energy required per unit of water delivered )Tj
-20 -14 Td
(depends on the irrigation system design and on field )Tj
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(site characteristics. These factors can be summarized )Tj
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(as the total dynamic head that the pump is operating )Tj
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(against and the efficiency of the pumping system. )Tj
0 -14 TD
(Total dynamic head depends on the vertical distance )Tj
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(that the water is lifted, the pressure required to )Tj
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(operate the drip emitters, and the friction losses that )Tj
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(must be overcome as water is pumped from its )Tj
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(source until it is delivered from the emitters. )Tj
T*
(Efficiency of the pumping system depends on the )Tj
0 -13 TD
(efficiencies of the pump, power unit, and connecting )Tj
0 -14 TD
(drive units. Recommendations were made for )Tj
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(selecting, installing, and maintaining components to )Tj
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(minimize energy loss and maximize pumping )Tj
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(efficiency. )Tj
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